BBM Magazine

55 BBM DERGİSİ ARTICLE • MAKALE October-December • Ekim-Aralık 2017 murderers, thieves, commissioners, tax officers and pro- fiteers could not be members of this community. There were 740 rules of Ahi Community, and there were seven banned actions. Fundamental philosophy of all the for- mations mentioned above, was to keep the profit of tra- desmen, who meet all kinds of needs of consumer mass, at a reasonable and legitimate (halal) level TREADING ON NAN-I AZİZ (THE SACRED BREAD) WAS CONSIDERED A SIN Ahi orders applied for disciplining, controlling, produc- tion, marketing and penalization of bread, the subject of our article, and its raw materials wheat and flour. Since “Nan-ı Aziz” (Sacred Bread) was accepted with the incre- ase in the population in the country, and treading on ma- terials that spill around during production was considered a sin, the workers had to be chosen among non-Muslim citizens. In the 15th century, the producer joined “Lonca” (Guild) craftsman’s association, which also cover ahi or- der rules in order to solve the problem. In the Ottoman State, industrial activities were almost non-existent except for weapon, shipyard and military productions, and therefore needs for consumer goods were met by small-scale crafts man or through import. On the other hand, semi-finished materials and raw ma- terials were main export items. Small handicraft shops were based on Lonca’s (Guilds) and after 1727, gedik method. People working in the same craft branch were under strict control on issues that govern the business life of guilds, and rules related to the measurements and standards of products. Violation of rules was strictly pro- hibited, and the number of workplaces and production facilities of each business segment was restricted. Mas- tership was a prerequisite for starting a business, and it was impossible to have a master title without working as an assistant or apprentice, and being considered compe- tent by the master. Gedik was a place of craftsmanship and production, and a new master could not open a ge- dik by his own, and the position had to be vacant with the death of the current gedik or other reasons. After 1859, gedik method was amended with some restrictions, and it was annulled completely in 1913. LEGISLATION ON FLOUR AND BREAD In Ottoman State, the first legislation on controlling, production, marketing and marketing, penalizing and dis- ciplining of wheat, bread, our article’s subject, and almost all foods and supplies, was “Kanunname-i İhtisab-ı Bur- sa” (Bursa Municipality Law) which was prepared in 1502 during the tenure of Sultan Bayezid The Second. The law included measures for the transportation and storage of wheat, which was the most important substance for the nutrition of society, and avoiding commercial frauds on dik yöntemine dayalıymış. Aynı zanaat dalında çalışanlar kendi loncalarına iş hayatını düzenleyen konularla, ürünle- rinin ölçü ile standartlarına konulan kurallarıyla, sıkı dene- tim altındaymış. Kuralların dışına çıkmak kesinlikle yasak olduğu gibi, her daldaki işyerlerinin ve üretim tesislerinin de, sayısı sınırlıymış. İşyeri açabilmek için ustalık şartmış ancak, çıraklık ve kalfalık yapmadan, ayrıca ustası tara- fından yeterli görülmeden usta olunamazmış. Gedik bir ustalık ve üretim yeri olup, yeni usta olmuş kişi kendiliğin- den gedik açamaz, gediğin ölüm ya da başka nedenlerle boşalmasını beklermiş. 1859’dan sonra gedik yöntemi yeniden düzenlenerek bazı kısıtlamalar konulmuş, 1913 de tamamen kaldırılmış. UN VE EKMEKLE İLGİLİ MEVZUAT Konumuz olan buğday, ekmek, bu arada hemen her türlü gıda ve ihtiyaç maddelerinin denetiminden, üretimi- ne, pazarlanmasından cezalarına kadar disipline edilmesi hakkındaki Osmanlı Devletindeki ilk mevzuat, 1502 yılında II. Beyazıt zamanında hazırlanan “Kanunname-i İhtisab-ı Bursa’dır” (Bursa Belediyesi Kanunu). Yasayla, toplumun beslenmesindeki en önemli hammadde buğdayın nakli- yesinden, depolanması ve ticari hilelerden korunmasına karşı önlemlere yer verilmiş. Ekmeğin ana yapı maddesi unun, halkın ekmeksiz kalmaması için fırınlarda yeterince stoklanmasından, ekmek gramajına kadar tüm hususlar ile gerekli cezalandırmalar planlanıp, ödün vermeden tat- bik edilmiş. Osmanlı Devletinde belediye ve sağlık kuruluşları bu-