BBM Magazine

57 BBM DERGİSİ ARTICLE • MAKALE October-December • Ekim-Aralık 2017 ner of the bakery would be taken to the bazaar and mar- kets with a yoke on his neck, and exhibited to the public as a bad example. The worst punishment was to hang the bakery owner or its employee in front of his bakery. For instance, in 1772, a bakery worker was executed in front of his work place, and a bread seller was executed in 1774 in Vefa square. On the other hand, some historical writings reveal that bakery owners, who did not cook the bread sufficiently, sell them with defects or less than the standard weight, were bastinadoed or nailed to the wall by their ears. As it is seen in the descriptions, in a period, when the microbes were not discovered yet, only physi- cal audits could be carried out, especially on the bread. Personal audits for tradesmen generally focused on fraud production for profit, cleanliness and moral rules. During the period from Orhan Gazi until Bayezıt The Se- cond, while all the health services of the state were carried out by palace physicians, Sultan Bayezıt The Second es- tablished the post of physician in chief level so that these works could be handled under the authority of physician in chief. In 1537, the authorities of the physician in chief were restricted with the establishment of Health Depart- ment of Ministry of Military, and this title was abrogated with the establishment of Ministry of Medicine in 1850. Pasteur (1822-1895) discovered invisible seeds, that is microbes, in the 19th century, although Akşemseddin gave hints of them in the 15th century. During the first epidemic cholera, which broke out in İstanbul in 1831, there was neither a public institution to manage health is- sues of the public, nor a municipal organization. A branch of “Meclis-i Tıbbiye” (Chamber of Medicine), which was established under the body of “Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şaha- ne” (Military Medical School), took care of public health issues. All aspects related to food, were among the duties of these institutions, and the organization of these works was under the responsibility of chief physicians. Later, this chamber was re-organized under the name of “Nezareti Umur-ı Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye ve Sıhhiye-i Umumiye” (Ministry of Public Health) and later took the name of “Sıhhiye Müdüriyet-i Umumiye” (General Directorate of Health). In 1850, its name became “Umur-u Sıhhiye ve Muavenet-i İçtimaite Vezareti” (Ministry of Public Health and Social Cooperation). In the Ottoman Empire, the first legal muni- cipality was Istanbul Municipality, which was established on August 16, 1864. The mayor (şehremini) assigned by the Sultan was responsible for the municipality, which was governed by a city council consisting of 12 members, who are also appointed by the Sultan. Kadi was the judge, ci- vilian authority and mayor. Local administration structu- res did not exist in the pre-Tanzimat era, general services were provided by foundations, guilds, local organizations and kadıs, these organizations, neither had administrative and financial independence nor legal status. Orhan Gaziden II. Beyazıt’a kadarki dönemde devletin tüm sağlık işleri saray hekimlerince yürütülürken, 1507 de Sultan II Beyazıt sadarete bağlı olarak söz konusu sağlık işlerini yürütmek üzere hekimbaşılık kademesini kurmuş. 1537 de Bab-ı Serasker-i Harbiye Nezaretinin Sıhhiye Dairesinin Teşekkülü ile Hekimbaşılık yetkileri kısıtlanmış, 1850 de Tıbbiye Nezareti’nin kurulmasıyla lâğvedilmiş. Daha 15’inci asırda Akşemseddin’in işaret ettiği gözle görülmeyen tohumların varlığını, yani mikropları Paste- ur (1822–1895) 19’uncu yüzyılda keşfetmiş. 1831 yılın- da İstanbul’da çıkan ilk kolera salgını sırasında, Osmanlı Devleti’nde sivil sağlık işlerini yönetecek bir kurum bu- lunmadığı gibi, belediye örgütü de, yokmuş. 1840 yılında “Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane”ye ( Askeri Tıp Okulu ), bağlı olarak kurulan, “Meclis’i Tıbbiye” içindeki bir şube sivil sağlık işlerine bakıyormuş. Gıda konusundaki her türlü husus, anılan kurumların görevleri arasındaymış ve orga- nizasyonun yürütmesi hekim başları tarafından sağlanır- mış. Bu meclis daha sonra tüm sağlık işlerine bakmak üzere “Nezaret-i Umur-ı Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye ve Sıhhiye-i Umumiye” sıfatıyla yeniden organize edilmiş, ardından “Sıhhiye Müdüriyet-i Umumiye” ismini almış. 1850’de adı, “Umur-ı Sıhhiye ve Muavenet-i İçtimaiye Vezareti” ol- muş. Osmanlı Devletinde kanunen kurulan ilk belediye 16 Ağustos 1864’de İstanbul Şehremaneti imiş. Başında pa- dişahın atadığı Şehremini bulunurken, yine atama yoluyla 12 üyeden oluşan şehir meclisi varmış. Kadı hem yargıç, hem mülki amir, hem de, belediye başkanı imiş. Tanzimat öncesi yerel yönetim yapıları görülmez, genel hizmetler vakıflar, loncalar, mahalli kuruluşlar ve kadılarca sağlanır- ken, idari ve mali özerkliği bulunmayan bu örgütlerin tüzel kişilikleri de, bulunmuyormuş.